Chinese Society of Allergy and Chinese Society of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Guideline for Chronic Rhinosinusitis

The current document is based on a consensus reached by a panel of experts from the Chinese Society of Allergy and the Chinese Society of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rhinology Group. Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) affects approximately 8% of Chinese adults. The inflammatory and remodeling mechanisms of CRS in the Chinese population differ from those observed in the populations of European descent. Recently, precision medicine has been used to treat inflammation by targeting key biomarkers that are involved in the process. However, there are no CRS guidelines or a consensus available from China that can be shared with the international academia. The guidelines presented in this paper cover the epidemiology, economic burden, genetics and epigenetics, mechanisms, phenotypes and endotypes, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, management, and the current status of CRS in China. These guidelines—with a focus on China—will improve the abilities of clinical and medical staff during the treatment of CRS. Additionally, they will help international agencies in improving the verification of CRS endotypes, mapping of eosinophilic shifts, the identification of suitable biomarkers for endotyping, and predicting responses to therapies. In conclusion, these guidelines will help select therapies, such as pharmacotherapy, surgical approaches and innovative biotherapeutics, which are tailored to each of the individual CRS endotypes.

Chinese Society of Allergy Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a global health problem that causes major illnesses and disabilities worldwide. Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that the prevalence of AR has increased progressively over the last few decades in more developed countries and currently affects up to 40% of the population worldwide. Likewise, a rising trend of AR has also been observed over the last 2–3 decades in developing countries including China, with the prevalence of AR varying widely in these countries. A survey of self-reported AR over a 6-year period in the general Chinese adult population reported that the standardized prevalence of adult AR increased from 11.1% in 2005 to 17.6% in 2011. An increasing number of original articles and imporclinical trials on the epidemiology, pathophysiologic mechanisms, diagnosis, management and comorbidities of AR in Chinese subjects have been published in international peer-reviewed journals over the past 2 decades, and substantially added to our understanding of this disease as a global problem. Although guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of AR in Chinese subjects have also been published, they have not been translated into English and therefore not generally accessible for reference to non-Chinese speaking international medical communities. Moreover, methods for the diagnosis and treatment of AR in China have not been standardized entirely and some patients are still treated according to regional preferences. Thus, the present guidelines have been developed by the Chinese Society of Allergy to be accessible to both national and international medical communities involved in the management of AR patients. These guidelines have been prepared in line with existing international guidelines to provide evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and management of AR in China.

A comparative study of endoscopic silicone tube intubation and conventional blind silicone tube intubation in the treatment of chronic dacryocystitis / 中国耳鼻咽喉头颈外科

OBJECTIVE To compare the costeffectiveness of two surgical approaches:endoscopic silicone tube intubation(ESTI) and conventional blind silicone tube intubation(CBSTI),in the management of chronic dacryocystitis(CDC).METHODS There were 46 cases of CDC from the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from 2014 to 2015.Randomly,22 CDC patients were included in ESTI,24 patients were performed CBSTI.We analyzed both the final success rate,operating time,intraoperative visual analogue scale(VAS) and the rate of post-operative complications,as well as the final therapeutic effect.RESULTS In ESTI group,17 cases were cured,5 cases were improved and 3 cases were invalid.The success rate was 88.00％.Correspondingly for CBSTI group,14 cases were cured,6 eases were improved and 5 cases were invalid,and the success rate was 80.00％.ESTI was better,but there was no significant in success rate between the two groups (x2=0.881,P=0.644).Besides,the operating time and intraoperative VAS score in ESTI group was (10.32±2.30)min and 2.02±0.86,and they were(25.32 ± 4.87)min and 4.11 ± 1.44 in CBSTI group.So ESTI was better than CBSTI(t=-13.918,P=0.000;t=-6.012,P=0.000).ESTI had fewer complications(x2=4.878,P=0.027).CONCLUSION Compared to CBSTI,ESTI is a minimally invasive and highly effective technique for the treatment of CDC.The visualization of nasal endoscopy is the optimization of CBSTI,and this method need to be popularization and application.

Incidence of Otitis Media with Effusion in Adenoid Hypertrophy with Allergic Rhinitis in Children / 中山大学学报(医学科学版)

Objective]In order to study the impact of adenoid hypertrophy(AH)with allergic rhinitis(AR)in the otitis media with effusion(OME)in children,as well as to discuss the risk factors on the inducement of OME in patients with AH.[Methods]The clinical materials were collected and analyzed from 205 children with AH who admitted for surgical treatment between 2013 and 2015, including medical history and signs,acoustic immittance measurement,allergy screen as well as blood routine,and to evaluate the situation of OME and AR in patients with AH. All the data were analyzed by SPSS 20.0.[Results]Among the 205 AH children,66 cases(32.20%)were accompanying with OME. The AH patients aged 3-5 years had the highest incidence of OME,which decreased with age(P=0.018). It is significant on the prevalence of the OME in patients with AH between the two groups with and without AR (P = 0.010). In the logistic model investigating the risk factors of inducing OME among patients with AH,the third-degree AH, Type-three and the accompanying with AR were significant. The third-degree and third-type AH children were 2.729 and 6.390-folds higher than others respectively (P = 0.047,P = 0.001). The incidence of OME appeared to be 1.212-folds higher among patients with AR(P = 0.010).[Conclusion]Mechanical obstruction and AR played a superimposed role in the inducement of OME among patients with AH,which was effected by multiple factors. We should pay attention to the“lateral respiratory”allergic diseases on eustachian tube and middle ear.

Distribution and treatment onintractable epistaxis in concealed sites / 中国耳鼻咽喉头颈外科

OBJECTIVE To drew the map of distribution of concealed sites in epistaxis and optimize the mode of diagnosis and treatment. METHODS We have searched 117 references on intractable/refractory/latent epistaxis treated under nasal endoscopy in the last decade, including 11 708 cases with epistaxis. There were total 11 860 cases in this study plus 152 cases in our hospital. We summed up the experiences of the optimized treatment mode performed on concealed epistaxis, which was searching the accurate bleeding areas by nasal endoscopy and performing minimally invasive radiofrequency treatment without nasal packing. RESULTS We had found that the offending arteries about epistaxis are mainly sphenopalatine artery and anterior or posterior ethmoid artery. The frequency of bleeding areas came as follows: the vault of inferior nasal meatus in 3783 cases(31.90%), the olfactory sulcus of middle turbinate in 3522 cases(29.70%), the posterior regions of middle meatus in 1349 cases(11.37%), the regions of deviation of nasal septum in 1065 cases(8.98%), the foremost regions of nasal cavity in 738 cases(6.22%), and the others or uncertain in 1403 cases(11.83%). Finally, we drew a concise map of distribution about epistaxis on the basis of the concealed bleeding areas and offending vessels. 151 of 152 patients(99.34%) could find out the bleeding sites accurately and stop the bleeding through minimally invasive radiofrequency ablation. CONCLUSION We drew a map of distribution about epistaxis in concealed areas so that it is convenient for us to seek out the bleeding sites. Rational use of nasal endoscopy to explore the sites of intractable epistaxis and minimally invasive radiofrequency are optimized mode of treatment.

Clinical characteristics in patients with allergic rhinitis and nonallergic rhinitis in Guangzhou / 中国耳鼻咽喉头颈外科

OBJECTIVE To obtain and compare the clinical characteristics in patients with allergic rhinitis(AR) and nonallergic rhinitis(NAR) and investigate the trends in the proportion of AR and NAR in recent 10 years in Guangzhou. METHODS 5486 patients with nasal hyper-reactivity symptoms were divided into the AR group and NAR group. Clinical data including gender, age distribution and seasonality were analyzed. RESULTS The trends in the proportion of AR and NAR during the past decade did not change significantly. Male made up the majority of AR patients and NAR patients and AR patients were significantly younger than NAR patients. Male AR patients were significantly younger than females, while there were no significant difference in the age distribution among the male NAR patients and female ones. As the age increasing, the proportion of AR and NAR patients in overall study population present opposite tendency. The main onset season in AR was summer and in NAR was winter in Guangzhou city. CONCLUSION There were significant differences between AR and NAR in age, gender and seasonality. However, the trends in the proportion of AR and NAR in recent 10 years did not change significantly in Guangzhou.

Compliance to sublingual immunotherapy in patients with allergic rhinitis in Guangzhou city / 中国耳鼻咽喉头颈外科

ABSTRACT]OBJECTIVETo study the compliance to sublingual immunotherapy(SLIT) in patients with allergic rhinitis(AR) in Guangzhou city.METHODSFrom January 2014 to May 2014, 202 patients with AR received SLIT were followed up by telephone. According to age, the patients were divided into group A(age0.05). Main reasons for poor compliance included poor efficacy (48.48%), insufficient education about SLIT (16.67%), inconvenience (15.15%), and adverse reactions(10.61%).CONCLUSION In Guangzhou city, lost follow-up rate in AR patients receiving SLIT is high. Compliance to SLIT is relatively low and improvements shall be made.

Correlation of gammadelta-T-cells, Th17 cells and IL-17 in peripheral blood of patients with allergic rhinitis.

BACKGROUD: Gammadelta-T-cells play an important role in the mucosal immune system of the respiratory tract. Th17 cells plays an important role in promoting inflammation and autoimmune diseases. Th17 cells mainly secrete IL-17. However, little information is available on the relation between gammadelta-T-cells and Th17 cells in allergic rhinitis (AR). OBJECTIVE: To explore the correlation between the prevalence of gammadelta-T-cells, the prevalence of Th17 cells and the expression of IL-17 in the peripheral blood of patients with AR. METHODS: Peripheral blood from the AR group (32 cases) and the control group (20 cases) was collected from March 2012 to July 2012. The percentages of gammadelta-T-cells and Th17 cells were measured by flow cytometry, and the levels of IL-17 were measured by ELISA. RESULTS: The percentage of gammadeta-T-cells and Th17 cells in the AR group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.01). The levels of IL-17 in the AR group were also significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.01). There were positive correlations between the gammadelta-T-cell percentage and the Th17 cell percentage in the peripheral blood of AR patients (r = 0.597, P < 0.01); and between the gammadelta-T-cells percentage and the levels of IL-17 (r = 0.469,P < 0.01). However, no correlation was found between the Th17 cell percentage and the levels of IL-17 (r = 0.100, P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Gammadelta-T-cells and Th17 cells may be involved in the pathogenesis of AR; gammadelta-T-cells may primarily be associated with the secretion of IL-17.

Application of enhanced CT in the differential diagnosis of peritonsillar abscess and intratonsillar abscess / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the application of enhanced CT in the differential diagnosis and treatment of peritonsillar abscess (PTA) and intratonsillar abscess (ITA).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirty-eight in-patients with clinically suspected PTA from June 2011 to June 2013 were included in this study. All these patients underwent enhanced CT scan for the throat region. According to CT results, the location of abscess was determined, and the thickness of the posterior wall of abscess as well as its distance with the internal carotid artery was calculated.Incision and drainage were then guided with this information.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Twenty-six of the 38 patients (68.4%) met the diagnosis of PTA, demonstrating a hypodense collection with rim enhancement in the peritonsillar space, including 4 cases with multilocular abscess. Ten cases (26.3%) should actually be diagnosed as ITA, with a abscess collection located in the palatine tonsil tissue. Two cases(5.3%) were diagnosed as peritonsillar cellulitis (PTC), showing diffuse isodense lesion around the peritonsillar space. The 26 cases of PTA and 10 cases of ITA patients were all cured using incision and drainage under the precise guidance of CT, while the 2 cases of PTC only treated with medicine. The mean distance between the posterior wall of abscess and the carotid artery (X(-) ± s) were (0.76 ± 0.34) cm and (0.90 ± 0.37) cm for the two entities respectively, with no significant difference (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Enhanced CT scan can clearly demonstrate the characters of PTA and ITA, and make identification. Moreover, it is helpful for the determination of therapy, improving the success rate of drainage and reducing the potential risk of large artery injury.</p>

A cohort investigation of the allergen and pathogenesis in the patients with allergic rhinitis from three hospital of Guangdong Province / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To study the pathogenesis of the patients with allergic rhinitis diagnosed by Skin Prick Test (SPT), especially about the epidemiologic data of the involved allergens.@*METHOD@#The data was collected from 958 patients referred to the listed three allergy center and subsequently diagnosed as allergic rhinitis by SPT.@*RESULT@#The intermittent mild type was more prevalent in male patients (40.5%); comparably the intermittent moderate type in female patients (70.0%); in the infant patients the moderate-severe type dominated (73.7%). The positive results of SPT comprised mainly of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der. p, 98.3%), Dermatophagoides farinae(Der. f, 96.8%), and Blomia tropicalis (Blot, 73.8%). Only 1.7% of the patients was allergic to single allergen, in contrary ,the majority of patients were allergic to multiple allergens. The positive rate to Der. p and Der. f was reversely increasing with age of the patients; and contrarily the number of positive allergens was increasing along with the age of the patients. The allergy to outdoor allergen was less common, and the positive rate in skin prick test was lower than the previously reported rate in North China ,such as timothy (3.9%), birch (2.7%), ragweed (2.0%), and mugwort (1.2%).@*CONCLUSION@#Dust Mite is the predominant allergen for patients with allergic rhinitis in Guangdong province; and the positive rate to outdoor allergen is lower than that in North China.

Clinical analysis of chronic rhinosinusitis in children / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To determine the ideal treatment for the pediatric patients with chronic rhinosinusitis.@*METHOD@#Eighty-eight patients (aged 5-14 years) were divided into group A, B, C. In group A, 30 cases (60 sides) who had chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps were treated systemically with medicine. In group B, 31 cases (62 sides) were chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps and accompanied by adenoid vegetation and/or chronic tonsillitis,and were systemically treated with a combined therapy of medicine and adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy. In group C, 27 cases (54 sides) were chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps,and were treated systemically with medicine and endoscopic sinus surgery.@*RESULT@#All patients were followed up for 12-18 months, with an average of 16 months. In group A, 48 sides were cured, 8 sides improved and 4 sides showed no effect. In group B, 46 sides were cured, 10 sides improved and 6 sides showed no effect. In group C, 40 sides were cured, 8 sides improved and 6 sides showed no effect. There were no significant differences in the efficacy among the three groups (P > 0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Systemic medical treatment should be the first choice for chronic rhinosinusitis in children. Children with adenoid vegetation and/or chronic tonsillitis are basically treated with systemic medicine combined with adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy. Administration of medicine before and after the endoscopic surgery is more efficient for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps in children.

The expression of MUC5AC in sinus mucosa of chronic rhinosinusitis / 中国医师杂志

Objective To investigate the expression of MUC5AC in human sinus mucosa and compare the expression of MUC5AC mRNAs in normal and chronic sinus mucosa. Methods Thirty two chronic ethmoid sinusitis mucosa samples and 7 normal ethmoid sinus mucosa samples were used. The protein expression of MUC5AC was examined by using immunohistochemical method. RNAs were extracted from sinus mucosa, and fluorescent quantitative nested RT-PCR was performed for MUC5AC. Results The mean gray scale of MUC5AC protein expression was 159. 72 ± 14. 14 in chronic ethmoid sinusitis mucosa and 115.80 ±31.58 in normal ethmoid sinus mucosa. There was significantly different between two groups (t =3.57, P ＜0.01). The levels of MUC5AC mRNAs in chronic rhinosinusitis [(35.80 ± 19. 74) × 105copies/μg] were higher than those in normal sinus mucosa [(4. 66 ± 2. 47) × 105 copies/μg] . M UC5 AC mRN A expression had significant difference between chronic ethmoid sinusitis mucosa and normal sinus mucosa(t =4. 12, P ＜0.01). Conlusion This result suggested that up-regulation of MUCSAC in chronic rhinosinusitis might play an important role in the pathogenesis of sinus hyperesecretion in chronic rhinosinusitis.

Correlation between clinic and polysomnographic findings in children with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the correlation between the polysomnographic findings and the degree of obstruction caused by adenoid and tonsillar hypertrophy in children with clinical history of apnea.@*METHOD@#Retrospectively studied the children who were diagnosed clinically of, obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) and underwent polysomnography and endoscopy. Patients were divided to OSAHS and non-OSAHS group according to polysomnographic findings.@*RESULT@#Ninety-four children were involved in the study population, and 63 children of them were male. The mean age of the children at the time of inclusion in the study was 6.7 years. 36 children (38.3%) diagnosed OSAHS clinically had normal polysomnographic findings. No differences were found between children with PSG-documented OSAHS and others. Tonsillar and/or adenoid hypertrophy were not correlated to more severe apnea among enrolled children.@*CONCLUSION@#There was no significant correlation between polysomnographic and clinical findings in children with OSAHS.

Effect of hypoxia and IL-1beta on COX-2 expression and PGE2 release in human nasal epithelia / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To detect cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release in human nasal epithelia (HNE) induced by hypoxia and/or IL-1beta of different time gradient, and to investigate their roles in nasal inflammatory pathogenesis.@*METHOD@#Western Blot and fluorescent real time quantitative PCR were performed to detect the expression of COX-2 in HNE induced by hypoxia and/or IL-1beta. The concentrations of PGE2 were determined by enzyme immunoassay. Median comparison was statistically treated by rank sum test, and generalized linear model was used to analyze the association of hypoxia with IL-1beta.@*RESULT@#Weak expressions of COX-2 and PGE2 were detected in normal HNE. COX-2 expression and PGE2 release increased in HNE induced by hypoxia and/or IL-1beta in time-dependent manner. Stronger expressions of COX-2 and PGE2 induced by hypoxia and/or IL-1beta than control were detected on different time (P < 0.05). The strongest inducible effect was found in hypoxia+IL-1beta group, and inducible effect decreased in hypoxia group and IL-1beta group in turn. The expressions of COX-2 and PGE2 in hypoxia+IL-1beta group were more than the sum of hypoxia group and IL-1beta group on same time.@*CONCLUSION@#Hypoxia and/or IL-1beta effectively induce COX-2 expression and PGE2 release in HNE. Synergistic effect between hypoxia and IL-1beta has been found in induction of COX-2 and PGE2 in HNE. Results indicate that the increased expressions of COX-2 and PGE2 are involved in inflammation of HNE induced by hypoxia and/or IL-1beta in vitro.

Aeroallergen Specific IgE in Serum of Patients with Allergic Rhinitis / 中山大学学报(医学科学版)

[Objective] To study the aeroallergens in the patients with allergic rhinitis in Guangzhou.[Methods] Using the German screen allergens quantitative detection system to determinate serum aeroallergen specific IgE and total IgE levels of 625 cases with allergic rhinitis diagnosed in The Third Hospital of SUN Yat-sen University.The samples were stratified on two age groups:the juvenile and the adult.Difference of serum aeroallergen specific IgE of the two groups was investigated.[Results]Aeroallergen specific IgE antibody in the serum of 625 patients with allergic rhinitis were positive.Total IgE in serum was positive in 413 cases,accounting for 66.1%.The positive rate of total IgE was less than that of aeroallergen specific IgE.The positive rate of aeroallergen specific IgE in order were mite mixture (84.32%),cockroach (19.04%),cypress (15.20%),cat-dog epithelia (13.12%),tree mixture (7.20%),ragweed (5.12%),humulus lupulus (1.76%),mugwort (1.76%),mould mixture (1.44%).In the two groups,the positive rate of aeroallergen specific IgE in order were similar.There were significantly higher sensitivity and positive rate of mite mixture in the juvenile group than the adult group (P ＜ 0.01).[Conclusion] The most important aeroallergens are mite mixture,cockroach,cypress,cat-dog epithelia,which could be referenced as Guangzhou patients .The juvenile is more sensitive to mite than the adult.

Correlation between clinic and polysomnographic findings in children withobstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective:To evaluate the correlation between the polysomnographic findings and the degree of obstruction caused by adenoid and tonsillar hypertrophy in children with clinical history of apnea. Method: Retrospectively studied the children who were diagnozed clinically of, obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome(OSAHS) and underwented polysomnograph and endoscopy. Patients were divided nto OSAHS and non-OSAHS group according to polysomnographic findings. Result: Ninty-four children were involved in the study population, and 63 children of them were male. The mean age of the children at the time of inclusion in the study was 6.7 years. 36 children(38.3%) diagnosed OSAHS clinically had normal polysomnographic findings. No differences were found between children with PSG-documented OSAHS and others. Tonsillar and/or adenoid hypertrophy were not correlated to more severe apnea among enrolled children. Conclusion-There was no significant correlation between polysomnographic and clinical findings in children with OSAHS.

Comparative study of two primary culture methods of human nasal epithelial cells in vitro / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To compare two primary culture methods of human nasal epithelial (HNE) in vitro, and explore a suitable method to be used in further study.@*METHOD@#Achievement ratio and growth curve of primarily cultural HNE by tissue piece culture were compared to those by isolated cell culture. Shape and appearance were observed and cellular sources were identified to get preliminary bionomics of HNE.@*RESULT@#The isolated cell culture method (87.5%) was shown to be superior to tissue piece culture method (83.33%) by comparing achievement ratios, but no statistical significance was found (P > 0.05). The growth curve of isolated cell culture was higher than that of tissue piece culture. All cultured cells were confirmed coming from epithelial cells by observing shape, appearance and dyeing cytokeratin.@*CONCLUSION@#The isolated cell culture method is more suitable for primary culture due to its less promiscuity, faster proliferation, and more stable and reliable cell supply.

Computer-assisted three-dimensional reconstruction and spatial stereotaxis study of optic canal with multiplayer spiral computed tomographic / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To provide efficient support for transnasal endoscopic optic canal decompression with more applied and sufficient imaging study on the optic canal.@*METHOD@#Three-dimensional reconstruction, stereotaxis and related anatomic data of lateral wall of sphenoid-ethmoidal sinuses were got by Multiplanar spiral computed tomographic (MSCT) and AW4.1 software on 14 cases of traumatic optic neuropathy. The data were compared with the results of operations.@*RESULT@#1) The scan plane of nasal-processus clinoideus anterior accorded with optic canal completely; 2) The length of the optic canal were (11.83+/-2.31) mm; 3) Locating mark of optic canal and enhanced internal carotid artery in CT scans which accorded with operations completely were synchronously displayed in sagittal 3D images of lateral wall of sphenoid-ethmoidal sinuses in the whole range.@*CONCLUSION@#The scan plane of nasal-processus clinoideus anterior is the best plane for the CT study of optic canal; Preoperative spatial stereotaxis of optic canal can be simply made by MSCT with good quality to actually reflect personal condition of optic canal and its relationship with lateral wall of sphenoid-ethmoidal sinuses and internal carotid artery exactly and directly. It is better than traditional CT films. And it provides supports for scheduling operation and help getting safe and effective transnasal endoscopic optic canal decompression by sufficient and practical imagings.

Effect of lipopolysaccharide on cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 release in human nasal epithelia / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To detect cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release in human nasal epithelia (HNE) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in different concentration gradient and time gradient, and to investigate their roles in nasal inflammatory pathogenesis.@*METHOD@#Western Blot and fluorescent real time quantitative PCR were performed to detect the expression of COX-2 in HNE induced by LPS and blocked by selective inhibitor of COX-2. The concentrations of PGE2 were determined by enzyme immunoassay.@*RESULT@#Low expressions of COX-2 and PGE2 were detected in normal HNE. COX-2 expression and PGE2 release increased in HNE induced by LPS in time-dependent or dose-dependent manner. The increased release of PGE2 was later than that of COX-2 expression. COX-2 expression and PGE2 release were dose-dependently attenuated by selective inhibitor of COX-2.@*CONCLUSION@#LPS effectively induces COX-2 expression and PGE2 release in HNE. And COX-2 is responsible for the synthesis of PGE2. These results indicate that the increased expression of COX-2 and PGE2 is involved in the inflammation of HNE induced by LPS in vitro.

Apoptosis of active T lymphocytes induced by human laryngocarcinoma cell line / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the expression of Fas receptor and ligand in human laryngocarcinoma cell line, Hep-2 and to investigate the possible mechanism of immune escape through Fas/FasL pathway in Hep-2 cell.@*METHOD@#The mRNA and protein expressions of Fas and FasL in Hep-2 cell were analyzed by RT-PCR and flow cytometry (FCM). Growth curve of Jurkat cell was drawer based on the results of MMT, and apoptosis of Jurkat cell were determined by FCM and Hoechst 33342 staining after coculturing with Hep-2 cell.@*RESULT@#The expressions of Fas and FasL in Hep-2 cell line were evaluated by flow cytometry and the mean fluorescence intensity were (32.91 +/- 5.6) and (25.57 +/- 7.1) respectively. After coincubation with Hep-2 cell (1 X 10(9)/L), the apoptosis rates of Jurkat cells were (38.95 +/- 0.11) % and (13.28 +/- 0.14) %, with planting concentration at 1 x 10(8)/L and 5 x 10 (8)/L respectively. In contrast, the apoptosis rate of Jurkat cultured separately was (7.53 +/- 0.17)%. The proliferation of Jurkat cell was obviously inhibited after coculture. However, the apoptosis rate was significantly decreased after adding neutralizing antibody of FasL.@*CONCLUSION@#Laryngocarcinoma cell could induce apoptosis of T lymphocytes through Fas-FasL system, thus it provided a potential mechanism to escape from immune surveillance of host.